Table 1 Neural inflammation initiated due to other neurological pathologiesá…Ÿ
From: The role of inflammation in the development of epilepsy
Neurological disorders | Inflammatory contribution to epilepsy development |
|---|---|
Traumatic brain injury | Damage associated molecular pattern (DAMP) stimulation of immune system Significant CCL2 increase Neutrophil recruitment —> BBB damage Reactive oxygen species (ROS) release —> activate vascular endothelium —> T cell infiltration of BBB [137] |
Status epilepticus | Elevated IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 transcript levels Albumin extravasation <—>BBB breakdown EP2-COX2 upregulation TLR pathways stimulated [138] |
Multiple sclerosis | Increased oxidative stress and ROS Activation of microglia Recruitment of T-cells, B-cells, and macrophages [139] |
GBM | IL-8 up-regulation via EGFRvIII IL-6-mediated STAT3 activation IL-1β-dependent activation of NF-κB, p38 MAPK and JNKs pathways [140] |
Stroke | TNF-α, IL-1Β, IL-6 upregulation ICAM and VCAM upregulation MMP-9 increase MCP-1,(MIP-1α), fractalkine (CX3CL1) increase [141] |
Alzheimer’s disease | MCP-1, cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α), CXCL8, CCL5 increase Deposition of Aβ generates ROS Activation of the complement cascade [142] |