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Fig. 2 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 2

From: Relevant mediators involved in and therapies targeting the inflammatory response induced by activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in ischemic stroke

Fig. 2

Metabolic changes in the intracellular and extracellular environments activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to pyroptosis. Pyroptosis is characterized by GSDMD-mediated cell death. Extracellular and intracellular environments undergo metabolic changes, including reductions in ATP, efflux of intracellular K+, increases in intracellular Ca2+, and production of large amounts of ROS by mitochondria; the ROS cannot be normally removed, and the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated, prompting pro-caspase-1 to self-cleave into caspase-1. Then, caspase-1 lyses and activates GSDMD, leading to pore formation, membrane lysis, and DNA breakage.

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