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Fig. 3 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 3

From: GPR110 ligands reduce chronic optic tract gliosis and visual deficit following repetitive mild traumatic brain injury in mice

Fig. 3

Dose-dependent effect of synaptamide and A8 on TNF mRNA expression and their stability in vivo. A The mRNA level of TNF in the mouse cortex quantified by qRT-PCR using TaqMan probes at 2, 4, and 24 h after rCHIMERA. The TNF mRNA level from injured mice was upregulated at all time points compared with Sham control (***p < 0.001, *p < 0.05 vs. Sham) with the most pronounced increase occurring at 2 h after the last injury (*p < 0.05 vs. rCHI-4 h or rCHI-24 h). The data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 4). Each dot symbol represents an individual animal within each group. B Dose-dependent effects of GPR110 ligands in cortical TNF mRNA level evaluated at 2 h after the last injury. Mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with varying doses of synaptamide (SYN, 1, 2, and 5 mg/kg) or A8 (0.1, 0.5, 1 mg/kg) immediately following each injury. The increase in the mRNA level of TNF after rCHI (rCHI + V, **p < 0.001 vs. Sham) was significantly suppressed by A8 at 1 mg/kg and synaptamide at 5 mg/kg (#p < 0.05 vs. rCHI + V). The data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 4–5). Each dot symbol represents an individual animal within each group. C The time course of A8 and d4-synaptamide detected in the mouse brain. A8 (1 mg/kg) and d4-synaptamide (5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally injected were detected by tandem mass spectrometry. The A8 level in mouse cortex is significantly higher than synaptamide at 1 h and 2 h after intraperitoneal injection. The data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3). **p < 0.001, ***p < 0.001

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