Table 3 Selected studies assessing the efficacy of antiinflammatory agents among patients with unipolar and bipolar depression, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder
Study | Study design | Group comparison | Number of subjects | Functional outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
COX-2 inhibitors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Müller et al. 2006 [238] | RCT | Celecoxib (200 mg bid) + reboxetine versus placebo + reboxetine | 40 MDD (acute) | Significantly greater decrease in depressive symptoms in the treatment group (P = 0.035) |
  Akhondzadeh et al. 2009 [239] | RCT | Celecoxib (200 mg bid) + fluoxetine versus placebo + fluoxetine | 40 MDD | Significant improvement of depressive symptoms (P <0.001), and a greater percentage of responders (90% versus 50%, P = 0.01) and remission (35% versus 5%, P = 0.04) in the treatment group |
  Medlewicz et al. 2006 [240] | Open-label | Acetylsalicylic acid (160 mg qd) + SRI | 24 MDD and BPD | 52.4% responder rate, significant improvement within one week (P <0.0001) following treatment; sustained at four weeks |
  ClinicalTrials.gov http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/NCT00510822 completed, pending results | RCT | Cimicoxib (50 mg bid) + sertraline versus placebo + sertraline | 169 MDD | Primary outcome measure is mean change in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale from baselineto six-week endpoint |
  Nery et al. 2008 [263] | RCT | Celecoxib versus placebo | 28 BPD (depressive and mixed states) | No significant differences in depressive or manic symptoms. |
  Müller et al. 2002 [242] | RCT | Celecoxib (400 mg qd) + risperidone versus placebo + risperidone | 50 (acute schizophrenia) | Significant improvement of positive and negative symptoms (P = 0.05), as well as cognition (P <0.06) in treatment group at five weeks |
  Müller et al. 2010 [244] | RCT | Celecoxib + amisulpride versus placebo + amisulpride | 49 schizophrenia (first-episode) | Significant improvement of positive and negative symptoms in celecoxib plus amisulpride group relative to amisulpride alone (P <0.001) at six-weeks |
  Sayyah et al. 2011 [245] | RCT | Celecoxib (200 mg bid) + fluoxetine versus placebo + fluoxetine | 50 OCD | Significantly greater reduction in YBOCS scores in the celecoxib treatment group at two weeks (P = 0.007) and at the eight week end-point (P = 0.037) |
Minocycline | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Levine et al. 1996 [264] | Case report | Minocycline (150 mg qd) started 20 years after disease onset | 1 BPD | Marked decrease in depressive symptoms (HAM-D score went from 25 to 8) within one week following treatment, sustained at two weeks. |
  Levkovitz et al. 2009 [265] | RCT | Minocycline (200 mg qd) versus placebo | 21 schizophrenia (early and acute-phase) | Significant improvement of negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in treatment group (P <0.01) |
  ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01433055 recruiting, estimated completion 7/15 | RCT | Minocycline (100 mg bid) + clozapine versus placebo + clozapine | 60 schizophrenia (refractory to ≥2 antipsychotics) | Primary outcome is the improvement in positive symptoms as measured by the four-item sub-factor of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. |
  Miyaoka et al. 2007 [266] | Case series | Minocycline (150 mg qd) + stable antipsychotic regiment | 2 schizophrenia | Complete resolution of positive and negative symptoms with minocycline, sustained for one to two years. Symptom exacerbation occurred one-week following minocycline discontinuation (in both cases). In one patient, the complete resolution of symptoms occurred at age 61, which was 41 years after disease onset. |
  Miyaoka et al. 2008 [267] | Open-label | Minocycline (150 mg tid) | 22 schizophrenia | Significant improvement of positive and negative symptoms at four to eight weeks (P = 0.0001) |
  Rodriguez et al. 2010 [268] | Open-label | Minocycline (100 mg bid) | 9 OCD | 22% had a 40% to 46% YBOCS reduction at 12 weeks; the group as a whole did not have a significant change in YBOCS score. |