Figure 4

HKBA does not activate Jnk1/2. Astrocytes were stimulated with HKBA. Jnk1/2 phosphorylation was determined by Western blot. Total and phosphorylated Jnk1/2 (A, upper panel). PMA was used as a positive control. Densitometric analysis of results from three independent experiments as performed in (A, lower panel). Astrocytes were incubated with Jnk1/2 inhibitor (SP) two hours before the beginning of culture and kept throughout. Culture supernatants were harvested at 48 hours post stimulation with HKBA to assess the expression of MMP-9 by zymography (B) or TNF-α by ELISA (C). Bars express the mean ± SEM of duplicates. Data shown are from a representative experiment of three performed. NS: non-stimulated astrocytes. ***P < 0.001 versus non-stimulated (NS) astrocytes.