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Fig. 1 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 1

From: Critical roles of sphingosine kinase 1 in the regulation of neuroinflammation and neuronal injury after spinal cord injury

Fig. 1

Inhibition of Sphk1 attenuates microglial M1 polarization and prevents neuronal apoptosis in SCI rats. a Double-staining for Sphk1 (green)/Iba-1 (red) in injured spinal cord tissue from each group of rats (scale bar: 100 μm or 50 μm; 5 mm caudal from injury core). Sphk1 was induced over time in activated microglia of SCI rats. b Western blot analysis of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6, and GAPDH expression in each group of rats. M1 polarization and inflammatory mediator release was suppressed by PF543 treatment. c Representative Western blots of cleaved caspase 3, Bcl-2, Bax, and GAPDH expression in each group of rats. PF543 prevented SCI-induced neuronal apoptosis. d Double-staining for cleaved caspase 3 (green)/NeuN (red) in sections of injured spinal cord tissue from each group of rats (scale bar: 100 μm or 50 μm). n = 3 per group. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01

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Journal of Neuroinflammation

ISSN: 1742-2094