Fig. 4

Inhibition of DPP4 alters microglial morphology and function in vitro. a Flowchart of the experiment in vitro. b–d Whole-cell lysates were subjected to western blotting to examine the protein levels of ITGAX and DPP4 in BV2 microglial cells after treatment with LPS or LPS + sitagliptin. Data were normalized to β-actin (n = 3–4). e Representative morphology of BV2 microglia in each group under a phase-contrast microscope. Scale bar = 50 μm. f Statistics of processes number, g soma area and h maximum length in BV2 microglia (n = 20–24 cells per group). i, j Microglial migration was measured using wound healing assays. Scale bar = 200 μm. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001