Fig. 6

DS promoted autophagic clearance of mitochondrial ROS and protected MMP through mitophagy in microglia. BV-2 microglia were first pre-stimulated by LPS (100 ng/ml) for 3.5 h, then treated for 1 h with indicated concentrations of DS and 3-MA (5 mM) for 30 min or not followed by stimulation with nigericin (5 μM) for 12 h. a Immunofluorescence staining Rh123 (green) and CellROX Deep Red (Red) indicate mitochondrial membrane depolarization and ROS production in BV-2 microglia. b, c Immunoblot analyses the expression of apoptosis associated proteins of Bcl-XL and Bax in lysates. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 3 in each group). Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc analysis where ^##P < 0.01 vs. control group; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. LPS + Nigericin group; ^$P < 0.05 vs. LPS + Nigericin + 30 μM DS group