Fig. 1

The number of Iba-1⁺ microglia and ChAT⁺ cholinergic cells in the medial septum (MS) changes with age and chronic neuroinflammation. A–F Representative fluorescence microscopy images comparing changes of the Iba1⁺ microglia and ChAT⁺ cholinergic cell population in the medial septum (MS) during aging and neuroinflammation. The images displaying the changes in ChAT⁺ (green) and Iba1⁺ (red) cells in the MS for, young, adult, and old mice from control cohorts (A–C) and GFAP-IL6 cohorts (D–F). Images taken under the 10 × objective using green and red channels to detect ChAT⁺ cholinergic cells and Iba1⁺ microglia cells, respectively (scale bar 100 µm). G–I Grouped bar graphs representing the stereological estimation changes and septal volume, with aging and neuroinflammation; G septal Iba-1⁺ microglia number, H septal ChAT⁺ cell number, and I septal volume, of young (n = 5), adult (n = 5), and old (n = 5) mice from control and GFAP-IL6 cohorts. Data presented as mean ± SEM; two-way ANOVA, with Tukey’s post hoc test. Post hoc effect of ‘genotype’ indicated by asterisks, (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001); post hoc effect of ‘age’ indicated by hash symbols (^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001, ^####p < 0.0001)