Fig. 3

ASK1-K716R ameliorates BBB disruption 3 days following TBI. A Representative images of extravasation of Alexa 555 cadaverine. Scale bar, 3 mm. B Representative images of extravasation of Evans blue. Scale bar, 1 cm. C Volume of the brain with leakage of cadaverine (upper panel, n = 4 for WT TBI, n = 5 for ASK1-K716R TBI) and the quantification of extravasation Evans blue (lower panel, n = 7/group). D Representative images and 3D surface plot of IgG leakage with quantification analysis. n = 7 for WT TBI, n = 6 for ASK1-K716R TBI. E Representative transmission electron microscope images of BBB structure. Scale bar, 2 μm. Red arrows indicate swollen astrocyte end-feet. Black arrows indicate the basement membrane. Blue arrows indicate endothelial cells. And yellow arrows indicate tight junctions between endothelial cells. F–H Representative Western blot bands and quantification of Occludin (F), VE-Cadherin (G), and MMP 9 (H) in the ipsilateral hemisphere 3 days following TBI (n = 6/group). All data from male mice are presented as the mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA test and Bonferroni post hoc (F–H) and Student’s t test (C). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, ns, no significance, as indicated