Fig. 1

Long-term behavioral and histological effects of single mild closed-head injury in WT and IL-1R1 gKO mice. Wild-type (WT) and interleukin-1 receptor 1 global knock-out (gKO) mice underwent either a sham procedure or a closed-head injury (CHI). A Behavioral responses were assessed using the active avoidance method at 14 weeks post-injury. IL-1R1 gKO mice displayed enhanced behavioral function post-CHI compared to WT + CHI mice. B IBA1 + staining quantification in the neocortex revealed fewer injury-induced changes in gKO mice than in WT + CHI. No effects of injury or genotype were observed in the corpus callosum or hippocampus at 16 weeks post-injury. C Sample images of IBA1 in the neocortex. Neocortical changes in GFAP staining are marked by the arrow in D, and in the corpus callosum (CC) in E. F Staining intensity was quantified across 6–9 sections for the entire brain region. Statistical analysis used a standard least squares repeated-measures model for A and a two-way ANOVA with a post hoc test for B, F. The significance threshold was set at p < 0.05. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Sample sizes: WT + sham = 6, WT + CHI = 15–16, KO + sham = 10, KO + CHI = 16