Fig. 8

Summary of prior studies evaluating the function of IL-1 / IL-1R1 signaling in experimental models of TBI. This figure provides a chronological summary of 14 studies published between 1995 and 2022 that evaluated the role of interleukin-1 (IL-1) signaling in traumatic brain injury (TBI) using rodent models, including Toulmond and Rothwell (1995), Sanderson et al. (1999), Knoblach and Faden (2000), Jones et al. (2005), Lu et al. (2005), Clausen et al. (2009), Clausen et al. (2011), Anderson et al. (2013), Anderson et al. (2015), Perez-Polo et al. (2016), Sun et al. (2017), Semple et al. (2017), Newell et al. (2018), Chung et al. (2019), Evans et al. (2020), Wu et al. (2022) [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. The symbols used in the figure are as follows: up arrow denotes improvement in brain health or decreased neuroinflammation with IL-1/IL-1R1 targeted intervention compared to control, down arrow denotes worsening in brain health or increased neuroinflammation with IL-1/IL-1R1 targeted intervention compared to control, and a horizontal line denotes no change. These studies collectively demonstrated the involvement of IL-1 signaling in TBI-induced brain health outcomes, such as neuronal loss and behavioral phenotypes, and neuroinflammation outcomes, such as measurements of reactive microglia or astrocytes, immune cell infiltration and cytokine levels. The abbreviations used in the figure are CCI (controlled cortical impact), FPI (fluid percussion injury), and CHI (closed-head injury)