Neuroinflammation, memory, and depression: new approaches to hippocampal neurogenesis

Wu, Anbiao; Zhang, Jiyan

doi:10.1186/s12974-023-02964-x

Journal of Neuroinflammation

Table 1 Secretory factors reported in the study of emotional disorders and neuroinflammation

From: Neuroinflammation, memory, and depression: new approaches to hippocampal neurogenesis

Secretory factor	Major producer cells in the brain	Major recipient cells in the brain	Biological effects in neuroinflammation	References
BDNF	Neurons; neuroglial cells	Neurons	Promote neurogenesis; maintain neuroplasticity and LTP; enhance neural survival	[83, 84, 92,93,94]
BDNF	Neurons; neuroglial cells	Neuroglial cells	Induce de novo BDNF expression; transcriptionally regulate the expression of cytokines	[99,100,101,102,103]
IFN-γ	NK cells; T cells	Microglia; astrocytes	Induce microglial proinflammatory differentiation; enable astrocytes to perform antigen-presenting functions	[120, 175]
IL-1β	Microglia; diseased oligodendrocytes	Various cell types	Be neuroprotective at physiological levels; be excitotoxic and hinder synaptic transmission at high levels; promote neuroinflammation; direct the differentiation of naïve CD4⁺ T cells into Th17 cells; stimulate HPA axis activity and glucocorticoid secretion	[141, 142, 189, 254]
IL-2	T cells; NK cells	T cells	Alleviated pathological neuroinflammation by promoting Treg proliferation; Promote the differentiation of naïve CD4⁺ T cells into Treg cells	[164, 200, 231, 240]
IL-4	Th2 cells	Microglia	Induce microglial immunoregulatory differentiation; promote hippocampal neurogenesis by accelerating the proliferation of Arg1⁺ microglia; upregulate BDNF secretion	[120, 156, 229]
IL-6	Microglia; diseased oligodendrocytes	Various cell types	Promote neuroinflammation; stimulate HPA axis activity and glucocorticoid secretion	[102,103,104, 189, 254]
IL-10	Treg cells	Various cell types	Restrain microglia/macrophage-mediated neuroinflammation; stimulate HPA axis activity and glucocorticoid secretion	[227, 254]
IL-13	Various cell types	Microglia	Induce microglial immunoregulatory differentiation	[120]
IL-17	Th17 cells; diseased oligodendrocytes	Various neuroglial cell types	Promote neuroinflammation by inducing proinflammatory transcriptional activities in neuroglial cells	[176,177,178,179,180,181,182]
IL-18	Microglia	Various cell types	Promote neuroinflammation after been activated by inflammasome signaling	[141]
IL-21	High affinity CD4⁺T cells	CD8⁺ T cells	Modulate the differentiation of brain-resident CD8⁺ T cells during infection	[226]
IL-33	Astrocytes; neurons	Microglia	Maintain microglial metabolic adaptation and phagocytic function; promotes microglial synapse engulfment and neural circuit development	[147, 154, 155]
IL-16	Treg cells	CD4⁺T cells; neurons	Accelerate the proliferation and differentiation of Treg cells; modulates neuronal excitability and synaptic activity; Inhibit neuroinflammation	[230, 231]
NIL-16	Certain neuronal types	CD4⁺T cells; neurons	Inhibit neuroinflammation; serve as a scaffold protein	[235,236,237,238]
TNF-α	Microglia; astrocytes	Various cell types	Be neurotoxic; promote neuroinflammation; induce cellular apoptosis and necroptosis; stimulate HPA axis activity and glucocorticoid secretion	[103, 104, 185, 186, 257]
CCL2	Reactive astrocytes	Various cell types	Induce extravasation and infiltration of peripheral macrophages, monocytes, T lymphocytes and their subsequent transdifferentiation into proinflammatory phenotypes	[171, 173, 182, 186]
CXCL1	Reactive astrocytes	Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells	Promote the mobilization and recruitment of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to the inflammation sites	[182, 186]
CXCL10	Reactive astrocytes	Various cell types	Induce extravasation and infiltration of peripheral macrophages, monocytes, T lymphocytes and their subsequent transdifferentiation into proinflammatory phenotypes	[171, 172]
CXCL12	Reactive astrocytes	B lymphocytes	Induce the recruitment of pathogenic B lymphocytes into the CNS	[174]
Glucocorticoids	Adrenal cortical cells	Various cell types	Modulate hippocampal neuroinflammation; interfere the differentiation and function of T lymphocytes; induce the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from peripheral immunocytes; activate inflammasome signaling	[249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260]
Serotonin	Certain neuronal types	Various cell types	Modulate neuroinflammation by its metabolisms in microglia; regulate the sensitivities of hippocampal neural progenitor cells (NPCs) to glucocorticoids	[267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274]

Back to article page

ISSN: 1742-2094

Contact us

Submission enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com