Fig. 6

Compared with mouse microglia, TPF^PD-exposed human microglial-like cells exhibit both conserved and distinct gene regulation. A Representative images showing CCR2 (red) and CX3CR1 (green) double immunostaining with Hoechst nuclear stain (blue) in nondifferentiated (ND) and GM-CSF/IL34-differentiated human monocytes (iMGs) after 16 days of culture. The right panel shows the quantification of the immunosignal CX3CR1/CRR2 ratio in ND and GM-CSF/IL34-differentiated cells. The data are presented as the means ± SEM (n = 4–5). **p < 0.01 vs. ND (Student’s t-test). Scale bar: 40 µm. B Fold change in individual gene expression level (qPCR) of LPS-, F^PD- and TPF^PD-activated iMGs relative to nonstimulated (NSC) cells. The data are presented as the means ± SEM (biological replicates n = 3). *p < 0.05 vs. NSC (Student’s t test)