Fig. 2

Changes in insular neurobiomarkers and differences between groups. A Elevated insular cortex activity was observed during the resting state in patients with thyroid eye disease with different immunoendocrine statuses compared with controls (voxel-level P < 0.001, cluster-level P < 0.05, GRF correction). B Violin and box plots demonstrated the ALFF differences of the INS.R in the AP, IP, and HC groups. C Decreased FC between the INS.R and the right cerebellum was found in patients with thyroid eye disease with different immunoendocrine statuses compared with controls. D, E Group differences among the AP, IP, and HC groups. The differences primarily existed in the CER.L and CER.R (voxel-level P < 0.001, cluster-level P < 0.05, GRF correction). The violin and box plot demonstrated the FC differences of CER.L and CER.R in the AP, IP, and HC groups. Ns, P > 0.05; ^*P < 0.05; ^**P < 0.01; ^***P < 0.001; ^****P < 0.0001. ALFF: amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations; AP: active patients; CER-6.L: left cerebellum 6; CER-6.R: right cerebellum 6; FC: functional connectivity; HC: healthy controls; INS.R: right insular cortex; IP: inactive patients