Fig. 3

Chronic oral DMF administration improves cognitive dysfunction in App-KI mice. A Schematic protocol for chronic oral DMF administration and behavioral experiments. Six-month-old WT or App-KI mice were orally administered with DMF or vehicle control 3 days per week for 5 months. NORT, novel object recognition test; OFT, open field test; IHC, immunohistochemistry. B Representative images showing the travel paths of Veh-WT, DMF-WT, Veh-App-KI, and DMF-App-KI were recorded for 20 min in the open field test arena. C Locomotor activity and anxiety were evaluated in an open field test as the the total distance and wall side time. Values are presented as means ± SEM. [Veh-WT (n = 14), DMF-WT (n = 14), Veh-App-KI (n = 7), and DMF-App-KI (n = 9)]. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 (two-way ANOVA). D An experimental protocol for the novel object recognition test. E Performance of the DMF- or vehicle (Veh)-administered WT and App-KI mice was assessed using the novel object recognition test at 11 months of age. Values are expressed as means ± SEM [Veh-WT (n = 19), DMF-WT (n = 24), Veh-App-KI (n = 19), and DMF-App-KI (n = 19)]. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 (two-way ANOVA)