Fig. 5

Neuroinflammation reduced in the cerebral cortices of DMF-administered App-KI mice. A–C Representative immunofluorescent images of C3 (red), GFAP (green), and IBA1 (gray) expression (A); pSTAT3 (red), GFAP (green), and IBA1 (gray) expression (B); and BACE1 (green) and Aβ (red) expression (C) in the cerebral cortices of DMF- or Veh-administered WT and App-KI mice at 11 months of age. DAPI and merged images are also shown (A–C). Scale bars: 50 μm (A–C). D Quantification of the immunofluorescence images in A–C. Percentage of areas immunopositive for GFAP, C3, IBA1, pSTAT3, and BACE1 in the cerebral cortices of Veh- or DMF-administered WT (gray, yellow) and App-KI mice (blue, orange). Values are presented as means ± SEM. [n = 3. Three slices per mouse were quantified]. **p < 0.01 (two-way ANOVA). E–H Representative immunoblotting images for soluble Aβ level in TBS-soluble fractions (E) and insoluble Aβ level in formic acid (FA)-soluble fractions (F) extracted from the cerebral cortices of Veh / DMF-administered WT and App-KI mice at 11 months of age. The immunoblots for β-actin (E) and silver staining of SDS-PAGE (F) are shown as loading controls. For the TBS-soluble fractions (E) and FA-soluble fractions (F), 30 and 2 µg of the protein were loaded per well, respectively. The relative levels of soluble and insoluble Aβ were quantified from four independent experiments and are expressed as means ± SEM with p-values (G, H, n = 3). I–K Representative immunoblotting images for full-length APP (FL-APP) and pSTAT3 levels in the cerebral cortices of Veh/DMF-administered WT and App-KI mice at 11 months of age (I). Five µg of the protein was loaded per well (I). The levels of FL-APP and pSTAT3 were quantified and are expressed as means ± SEM (J, K, n = 3). *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01, two-way ANOVA (G, H, J, K)