Fig. 5

Inhibition of TRPV4 activity reduces T cell migration across the BBB in vitro. a Schematic of the static transwell set-up of 4 h T cell migration across human brain ECs treated with vehicle or TRPV4 antagonist. b Number of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells that migrated across stimulated (TNFα/IFNγ (T/I)) brain ECs treated with TRPV4 antagonist or vehicle normalized to unstimulated control, N experiments = 3, N CD4⁺ T cell donor = 2, N CD8⁺ T cell donor = 3. c SELE, VCAM1, and ICAM1 expression in brain ECs treated equally to migration assay for 4 h, N = 3. d Representative image of CD3 and TRPV4 immunoreactivity in human T cells; scale bar: 10 µm. e Cell surface expression of CD11a and CD49d on migrated and non-migrated human CD4⁺ T cells quantified as an abundance of positive cells and median fluorescent intensity (MFI), N = 3. Data are shown as mean ± SEM and a comparison of two groups was performed using (ratio) paired Student’s t-test indicated by connecting lines (*p < 0.05)