Fig. 2From: Fibrin promotes oxidative stress and neuronal loss in traumatic brain injury via innate immune activationFibrin regulates microglia activation and myeloid cell infiltration in TBI. (A) (Top) Superimposed images of cortex from a Cx3cr1GFP/+Ccr2RFP/+ mouse at 2 days post-injury, stained for fibrin(ogen) (cyan), with amoeboid, “reactive” GFP+ microglia (green) and RFP+-expressing macrophages (magenta). Scale bar, 50 μm. (Below, left) Quantification of fibrin(ogen) staining intensity (X-axis) with the number of CCR2+ cells per field. Three peri-lesional regions of interest (triangles) and three remote regions 300 μm from the lesion site (circles) were analyzed per mouse (n = 3 mice; linear regression with goodness of fit). Each symbol represents the data for an individual mouse. (below, mid and right) Quantification of total and amoeboid CX3CR1+ cells in regions of interest that were lesional or peri-lesional areas from injury 1 day after CCI. Data from n = 3 mice (mean ± s.e.m.). HPF, high-power field. ns, not significant. *P < 0.05 by two-tailed Mann-Whitney test. (B) Confocal images from mouse cortex 2-days post-CCI, stained for fibrin(ogen) (red), SMI-32 (green), and DAPI (blue). Scale bar, 400 μm. (Right) Scatter plot of fibrin(ogen) (X-axis) and SMI-32 (Y-axis) intensities (n = 4 mice; linear regression with goodness of fit). Each circle represents the data for an individual mouse. AU, arbitrary units. (C) Representative flow cytometry contour plots of microglia (CD45loCD11b+; Mg) and infiltrated myeloid cells (CD45hiCD11b+; Mp) in brains of TBI 1d and 7d after injury or sham mice. Flow cytometry cell quantification is shown. Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m.; n = 5 mice (sham), 4 mice (1d TBI WT), 4 mice (1d TBI Fggγ390–396A), 3 mice (7d TBI WT), and 3 mice (7d TBI Fggγ390–396A)Back to article page